Paleolithic Paint Job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paleolithic Paint Job - Essay Example He states that cave art archaeologists have used objective inquiry to understand the meaning of the paintings and have also used statistical analysis in testing their hypothesis of the art. He describes Lorblanchets approach as subjective and experimental who thinks that preliminary theory is not essential when experimenting. Lorblanchet does not know what he will by becoming a paleolithic painter but believes that there is something to learn from it. He states that Lorblanchet wants to understand how early artists did their paintings and his work fits a new trend of the cave art archaeology. He describes the paintings of both Lorblanchet and another French archaeologist as having little variations from each other. French prehistorian Abbà © Henri Breuil started the scholarly study of the Ice Age art in the 1920s. Abbà © Henri Breuil saw the Ice Age as a way of hunting magic and his conclusions were inspired by the Arunta aborigines in central Australia. The Arunta painted images k angaroos and other prey on rock faces as a symbol of plenty supply of prey. He states that archaeologists slowly began doubting the credibility of the hunting magic theory in explaining prehistoric cave art and the hypothesis was later thrown in the 1960s Andrà © Leroi-Gourhan who was a French prehistorian. Leroi-Gourhan saw that the distribution of the images showed a division of the world and separated males from females. The distribution of images included Stags appearing in doorways, ibex on the cave periphery and bison, horses, oxen, and mammoths appeared in the main chambers. Leroi-Gourhan saw the male-female duality as suffusing the myth of the upper Paleolithic people. Roger lewin states that archaeologists use diverse approaches and are paying attention to the context of the art. He quotes Margaret Conkey, an archaeologist from the University of California in Berkeley who argues that one has to understand the social context of art for them to understand its meaning.

The Ages of Poetry Essay Example for Free

The Ages of Poetry Essay The English Romantic poets of the 19th Century had a conception about nature that, over a century later, appears in the poetry of today. These poets have had a significant influence on the attitude and vocabulary a contemporary poet uses. Among the contemporary poets, Dana Gioia, in his two poems, Becoming a Redwood, and Rough Country, has drawn on the idea of the innocence and untainted part of nature that parallels the Romantic poetry of William Wordsworth and William Blake in their poems Nutting, and The Tyger. Also, Gioia has captured the wild-like and untamable demeanor of nature that many English Romantics have similarly captured. Finally, Gioia uses the concept of the sublime in his poetry to the extent that nature becomes dangerous to humans. Many English Romantic poets have written about the innocent and purity that can be found in nature. In Wordsworths Nutting, he comments on the beauty of the innocence of an unvisited nook his character discovers. Wordsworth writes, Unvisited, where not a broken bough / Drooped with its withered leaves, ungracious sign / Of devastation; but the hazels rose / tall and erect, with tempting clusters hung, / A virgin scene! (Ln17-31) Wordsworth is commenting on the innocence and beauty of nature without human intrusion. This Romantic conception of innocence parallels Gioia in his poem Rough Country. He writes, a spot so hard to reach that no one comes / a hiding place, a shrine for dragonflies / and nesting jays, a sign that there is still / one piece of property that wont be owned. (17-20) This last line implies that this part of nature will remain untouched, this part of nature will remain pure and innocent, and a Romantic conception of nature that even Gioia has adopted in his poetry. Another conception that the English Romantics held about nature was that nature is wild and untamable. This wild-like aspect of nature is described in William Blakes The Tyger. Blake writes, Tyger, Tyger / Burning bright / In the forests of the night / What immortal hand or eye / Dare frame thy fearful symmetry? (1-4) Blake creates this image of the Tyger as a wild beast, an untamable creature of the forest, and thereby composes nature the same way. Gioia in many ways parallels this view in his poems. In his poem Rough Country, nature is viewed as a place no engineers can  master, (6)a landscape made of obstacles / of steep hills and jutting glacial rock.(1-2) This nature Gioia describes is not sweet and delicate or fantastic; on the contrary, this attitude toward nature is fierce and ferine. The landscape of the nature in this rough country is not welcoming to humans tread, just as the Tyger in William Blakes poem would not be. In Gioias Becoming a Redwood, a wild and untamed animal is also found in this passage, Something moves nearby. Coyotes hunt / these hills and packs of feral dogs. / But standing here accepts all that. (19-21) Both the Tyger and the coyote have the instinct that embodies nature and both are wild animals. Gioia draws on the Romantic conception that there is wild freedom found in nature. This concept of wild freedom and untamable nature can be more clearly seen through the diction of the poems. Wordsworth writes, At thorns, and brakes, and brambles, and, in truth, / More ragged than need was! Oer pathless rocks, / Through beds of matted fern, and tangled thickets, / Forcing my way, I came to one dear nook / Unvisited. (13-17) In Gioias Rough Country, he uses words like tangled (10) and twisting (13) and thorn thick underbrush, (13) all of which Wordsworth uses in his poem Nutting. Gioia writes, Where tall black trunks of lightning-scalded pine / push through the tangled woods to make a roost / for hawks and swarming crows. / And sharp inclines / where twisting through the thorn-thick underbrush.(9-14) In each passage, these poets present nature as something wild, rugged, and difficult to maneuver simply through their chosen words. There is also a certain fear and respect of the wild, the rugged, and the untamable part of nature that can be seen in the poems of the English Romantics. In Wordsworths, The Prelude: Book 1, 340-400, he talks about the powerful image of the peak, a huge peak, black and huge / as if with voluntary power instinct. (39-40) Introducing the concept of the sublime he writes, And growing still in stature and grim shape / Towered up between me and the stars, and still, / For so it seemed, with purpose of its own / And measured motion like a living thing, / Strode after me. With trembling oars I turned. (42-46) The powerful presence of this mountain, and its inability to be controlled causes man to fear it, and thus fear nature. William Blake can also see the danger of nature in The Tyger. The Tyger represents a villainous side to nature, one that is careless, and does not worry about man. He writes, In what distant deeps or skies / Burnt the fire of thine eyes? / On what wings dare he aspire? / What the hand dare seize the fire? (5-8) This frightening aspect of the sublime, one in which man is afraid yet in awe of the power of nature can be seen in the work of Gioia. In Gioias, Becoming a Redwood, we are in awe of nature with the magnificence of the towering redwood tree. Gioia writes, Unimaginable the redwoods on the far hill / rooted for centuries, the living wood grown tall / and thickened with a hundred thousand days of light. (13-15) With this splendor the wild part of nature implies that there is danger nearby. He writes, Part of the grass that answers the wind / part of the midnights watchfulness that knows / there is no silence but when danger comes. (25-27) This English Romantic concept of sublime that Gioia uses, makes humans to not only fear nature such as the Tyger or the mountains, but also to hold high respect for its beauty and magnificence. It is interesting to see how much of our history actually does repeat itself. It is amazing that even today, we are asking the same questions about nature and coming to similar conclusions as people did in the 19th century. Its not that nature hasnt changed, but the attitudes toward nature still build on many general English Romantic ideas. Dana Gioia, in particular, has taken some of the same attitudes toward nature as the Romantics have; he has developed the untamable and wildness of nature, the innocent and virgin, as well as the sublime in his two poems, Becoming a Redwood, and Rough Country. English Romantic poets such as William Wordsworth and William Blake influence each of his poems. Because of their strong influence on contemporary poets today, it would not be surprising to see their influence carry on in yet another century, and have the influence on poets for years to come.

Is America Bashing warranted? :: essays research papers

America bashing is not warranted in the world, it is based on loose facts that have been manipulated. America is blamed as the source of all the world’s problems because it is seen as the most prominent country. Through the analysis of two works- Richard Neville’s Oh Say, Can’t You See? and Chris Middencorp’s God Diss America- this paper will prove this to be the case. Richard Neville begins his argument for America bashing by citing George W. Bush’s decision to renounce the Kyoto treaty as an example of the poor decision making the American government has made that hurts not only itself, but the entire world. In his article Neville seeks to denounce several myths that America still possesses. He starts by arguing against the myth that America is the land of the free. He states that America in actuality has the highest percentage of its citizens imprisoned over any other country. In fact, a quarter of the world’s prisoners are incarcerated in the United States. He goes on to diminish the idea that happiness is honored. He argues that if this is true, how can the country exhibit one of the highest rates of clinical depression. He cites Eli Lilly as saying â€Å"Prozac changed everything, and that’s just the beginning? America promotes global expansion and human rights is his next target. Neville points out that the United State s spurned vital treaties on war crimes, as well as land mines, the prohibition of juvenile executions, arms controls, test bans and the Rights of Children. Neville then goes on to discuss the myth that America is the land of the free. If this is true, Neville argues, then it is unjust that the richest one percent of the population have more wealth then the lowest ninety percent, the largest inequality in the world. He points out that over forty million Americans are without health insurance, a number which increases every year. While these facts do not shed a kind light on America, Neville does point out some of its brighter aspects. Neville goes on to discuss some of the good and admittedly â€Å"irresistible?parts of American culture. Austin Powers, jazz, and the first amendment are among these. He even admits to enjoying McDonald’s on occasion although he is quick to assert that they are destroying the world’s crop varieties by making every country they have a store in grow their standard potato- Idaho Russer.

My Learning Organization

I work as a full time comptroller for a copier reseller. Our company lease copiers to different clients for a monthly fee. When these copiers are turned over after the lease contract, the company either has it released or refurbishes the machines and sells these machines at refurbished price. The organization in our company is not large. We are just a group of ten workers but have been servicing big clients for the past ten years. I would say that our company is an example of a learning organization. Personally, as part of this team, I continue to test my experiences by at the least keenly aware of my day to day routines. Being a comptroller is a tedious job and I am expected to look into the unexpected. I cannot do this if I make my job into a habitual routine where small items can escape my attention. Existing systems and existing work flow can make someone lax meaning, one would just merely trust the system to check itself, which doesn’t really happen especially when the process fails. To test my routines, I would sometimes randomly check receipts that have been processed, just to make sure if they have been processed rightly. Sometimes I would have fun using the system in the office to evaluating my own home budget or inventory. This way, I would know if I have learned the experience by its very nature because the more I can adapt the learning to other kinds of venues, the more I know that I have learned the process indeed. In terms of producing information, my work lets me be responsible in counter checking sales and inventory. The information I deliver is crucial because should there be anomalies in sales or inventory, my information would be helpful in proving discrepancies. I may have second hand data but the corroboration of the information from my work will help support primary data that the office needs, not only to balance finances but most especially to forecast business. It is important for our company’s employees to share knowledge. Information from our specific work is shared systematically through the regular weekly meetings. Though the company is small, these meetings are helpful in leveling off expectations, affirming transactions, threshing out possible conflicts between employees or systems that do create conflict from time to time. Mistakes happen and it is in these weekly meetings that the lessons of a few are shared with everyone thereby sharing the learning. Sharing of knowledge also takes place when we exchange insights about our work like our clients, a good sale, a problematic machine. These insights are shared during breaks or in a few shared exchanges that can happen in a few seconds. These insights are important to note because these insights are seeds of knowledge that each person plants into the learning organization. I couldn’t think of any other innovative step that company has taken up that’s big enough to commemorate. But in the last few years that I have worked with my company, I believe that innovations that have been done came as small steps that are almost not felt but the impact towards helping the company grow is definitive. An example would be making sure there is a person in charge during lunch breaks. It was a matter of adjusting some people’s lunch hour so that we can still answer client inquiries that came in during lunch breaks. True enough, there were successful client inquiries that were received during this unholy hour. Another example is allowing lactating office mates to express their milk or even bring their newborn to the office. Though the newborn took a few office hours from the employees since it can’t be helped to muse over the infants from time to time, the infants also provided a stress relief from time to time. Innovations need not be spectacular or ground breaking. Sometimes, the mere effort of our manager to take time out to look at your family’s picture on the screen savers is innovative enough. As a comptroller of the company, changes that can help facilitate the company’s transition from its existing performance to become high performing would have to be spearheaded by the sales force. Spearheading doesn’t mean to be the sole lone ranger to go out in the field. The company has existing information, experience and knowledge enough to make it accomplish bigger markets. If bigger markets are to be conquered, the ten-man team need to be a high performing unit to maximize company resource. The usual way for most businesses to become bigger is to put in additional capital or resources to accomplish new and bigger tasks. I believe that the better strategy to adopt is to bank on the learning of the company as a team and make it work to get additional clients. All information and knowledge are summarized and insights are articulated. It is best for the sales team to translate these data into formidable input that could help them increase their sales forecast. In this knowledge based setting, companies though transforming themselves to become paperless communities still need the services of copiers. Print has always been time honored and historically, tactile systems of documentation are still considered a part of man’s cultural lifestyle. Therefore, there is yet a big market for our company to expand. The methods of Peter Vaill will help the company achieve its expansion by transforming the company into a highly performing system. The existing weekly meeting of the team can yet evolve into the venue where each team player can fine tune each other’s rhythm according to the other team player’s pace so that no one lags behind and no one goes too far forward. Should the company need additional workforce, the decision must be decided by the whole team because it is important to acknowledge weaknesses or failures. Learning organizations continually engage themselves into processing their mistakes so that growth is felt by the whole organization. If this happens, the organization will be able to trust each other as they take in bigger challenges and bigger learnings. Reference: Vaill, Peter B. 1998. Spirited Leading and Learning: Process Wisdom for a New Age. Jossey-Bass

Lines composed a few miles above Tintern Abbey Essay

In Wordsworth’s â€Å"Tintern Abbey† the poem begins as we are taken from the height of a mountain stream down into the valley where the poet sits under a sycamore tree surveying the beauty of the natural world. This introduction through nature sets the scene for the poet’s blending of his mind with that of the natural world. Here Wordsworth does not dwell on the imprint of mankind on the landscape but on the connection of an isolated individual enveloped within the wild world of nature. Although he refers to the presence of man – vagrant dwellers or hermits his connection is with the untouched splendour of the countryside. From his perspective, looking out on the verdant landscape, the speaker ties his connection with nature to the past. He remembers that during his long absence from the Wye Valley, years which he spent living in the city, he found consolation in calling back the memories of his time spent in nature ‘But oft, in lonely rooms, and mid the dim Of towns and cities, I have owned to them, In hours of weariness, sensations sweet, Felt in the blood, and felt along the heart.’ It is important to note here that Wordsworth is not merely finding comfort in fondly remembering a past holiday, but is unequivocally using the natural setting as his source for transcendence. By specifically using nature as his escape from ‘†¦the heavy and weary weight Of all this unintelligible world’ , he asserts that the purity of nature holds no ill memories of man’s unkindness. This ability to gradually retreat from the trials of daily life by calling to mind the solace found in nature is key to the concept that only through withdrawal from the world of society and immersion in the natural world can one rise above present strife. Wordsworth continues speaking of his connection with nature to the past by relating how nature has held prominence during all stages of his past life. But here he also imparts the importance his intimacy with nature will have in his future as he states ‘that in this moment there is life and food For future years’. Wordsworth realizes that the memories of the past will continue to provide pleasure and connection even as he grows old. In the final refrain, the poem suddenly shifts perspective back to the present and instead of considering his own connection with nature, Wordsworth now turns his attention to being in the sylvan valley with his sister, Dorothy. He compares his sisters simple, intense pleasure on nature with his own at the earlier stages of his life. He parlays that she will benefit from the love of nature as he has done and find in it solace from the ‘dreary’ scenes of adult life. However, Wordsworth’s message to the readers seems didactic as he addresses what he is meant to be telling his sister to us, ‘Our cheerful faith that all which we behold Is full of blessings. Therefore let the moon Shine on thee in thy solitary walk.’ His hopes for the future are that his sister will also experience the healing powers of nature that he himself has experienced. By stating ‘†¦Nature never did betray The heart that loved her’ Wordsworth assures his sister that she too will find solace from the heartless world by her communion with nature and her memories of his day that they are spending together. Wordsworth’s ability to look to the future to predict memories of events that are happening in the present is ingenious and complicated. But Wordsworth beautifully clarifies this concept by using nature as the ideal link between recollection, foresight, and his relationship with another. Wordsworth neatly ties together the significance of nature not only with his previous experience of remembering nature, but also with how he sees the natural world affecting the future to pass on his message that he has clearly matured over the past years hence the poem being the last one in the anthology. He further states that even â€Å"if I should be where I no more can hear Thy voice, nor catch from thy wild eyes these gleams of past existence† , their memories shared in nature will endure to give Dorothy solace as she grows old. By looking to the future, Wordsworth comprehends that because of their shared recollection of their communion in the outdoors, he and his sister will be tied together even after his death. Wordsworth Other poets * Believed ordinary life and ordinary people were important enough to have poetry written for them. * Believed poets to be ordinary people who lived more intensely than others and cultivated their imagination and expressive powers. * Poetry should be written in a language understood by most people ‘man speaking to man’ * Poetry should be written about situations of everyday life. * Through use of memory poetry could recreate events although not religious WW believed that poetry rather than religion was to be given the mission of bringing humanity together * Childhood experiences affected adult mind. * Believed that a poem must have a definite direction and that the reader should be very clear as to what the poem is actually about. * Believed that in order for a short metrical composition to be a poem, it must be organized clearly and, according to Wordsworth â€Å"also thought long and lovingly about† * Poetry should have passion and emotion and be of great pleasure. * The pleasures that Wordsworth was referring to man being â€Å"accustomed to† are those experiences that are derived from nature. Nature in this sense may be the emotion of an experience with living nature, such as a majestic observance of a mountain, or it may be in the sense of human nature, such as the natural presence of a mother’s love * William Wordsworth thought that the poem should speak directly from common life â€Å"by fitting to metrical arrangement a selection of the real language of men in a state of vivid sensation† * Poetry was a tool to change peoples behaviour or as a learning mechanism. * Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquillity.

Dirt Bikesdeveloping a Web Site Privacy Policy Essays

Dirt Bikesdeveloping a Web Site Privacy Policy Essays Dirt Bikesdeveloping a Web Site Privacy Policy Essay Dirt Bikesdeveloping a Web Site Privacy Policy Essay Essay Topic: Web Ashley B. Hilliard 258-10-0169 June 1, 2011 MG 615 Lesson#10, Assignment 2 Dirt Bikes, Part XII Developing a Web Site Privacy Policy Dirt Bikes should adopt an opt-in model of informed consent. Business is prohibited from collecting any personal information unless the consumer specifically takes action to approve information collection and use. With opt-in method, privacy argument can be minimized. Some of the data that can be discovered when a user visits the Dirt Bikes USA web site are as followed: web browser type, IP address, operating system and version, plug-ins installed in the browser, and the web site the user came from previously. These are just a few of the many items. Java and ActiveX can expose much more information, and Internet Explorer tends to expose more information than other browsers. A list of everything that a browser can expose would take more than 450 words in itself. Some of this information can provide value to the company for demographic reasons. It would allow the company to determine which was the most prevalent browser used on the web site, and optimize the site for that browser. It would also allow the company to see where people were coming from, possibly setting up advertising opportunities. By tracking a user’s path through the website, it would be possible to discover possible design issues, and allow the site to be optimized for a better user experience. Privacy issues involved in collecting this type of data are more of a customer confidence issue than a legal issue. The laws relating to this are not very clear unless you are a financial institution, a health care organization, deal mainly with children, or do extensive business with the EU. All these situations would have legal ramifications covering collection and storage of personal data. The advantages of cookie usage is mainly being able to present the customer with a better user experience, such as saving preferences or offering similar items for purchase Dirt Bikes USA should use cookies in this manner to enhance the user experience at the website. Privacy issues are not as big a concern with cookies for the reason that they are controlled on the users end. They can choose not to accept cookies, or they can dump them at the end of each browser session if they so choose. At this point in the lifecycle of Dirt Bikes USA’s web site, it is not recommended to join an organization such as TRUSTe. The reason for this is that the website at this point is a minor operation and the added costs and maintenance do not provide a decent return for the company. If Dirt Bikes USA decides to go have a web site that is more focused on e-commerce, it would be recommended to look at joining an organization like this more closely. As for trying to design the web site to conform to P3P standards, this is also not recommended. The entire issue of the P3P method of privacy enhancement is too controversial, and of limited benefit for the company to bother using it. When some of the main opponents of P3P are privacy centric organizations such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) and the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC), it does not bode well for this standard.

Jesus Galilean Ministry Essay Essay Example

Jesus Galilean Ministry Essay Essay Example Jesus Galilean Ministry Essay Paper Jesus Galilean Ministry Essay Paper Jesus is the one sent by God the Father from Heaven for intents of salvation of wickedness and Restoration of the lost glorification after the ruin of world. The four Gospel books brings it forth that He is the promised Messiah whose coming was prophesied by prophesier Isaiah in Isaiah 9:1-7 ( Brown. 1979 ) . He was brought up and began His ministry in Galilee which comprise of the northern parts of Palestine. Sea of Galilee and west of Jordan ( Luke 4:14-15 ) . Before he began his ministry. Jesus underwent assorted activities in readying of the public launching of the ministry. Among these things include the baptism in river Jordan by the one known to be the â€Å"Voice of the one naming from the desert. fix the manner of the Lord Messiah† . It is after this baptism when the ministry of John the Baptist is no longer seen further in the bible and besides the evidenced infilling of the Holy Spirit which enables Him in the executing of the God’s land work ( Niswonger. 1992 ) . Jesus Ministry and God’s Kingdom When among the crowds. Jesus used fables which can be said to be wise distorted phrases of learning but with concealed significance like the fable of the Samaritan adult female in John 4 ( Funk et al. 1998 ) . In all the fables he used. there was an intended message that he wanted thrust into the followings and the crowds following him ( Thomas A ; Gundry. 1988 ) . Mending of the Blind 0717897758 Among the many instructions offered by Jesus during the ministry is the narrative of the adult male born blind but healed on the Sabbath ( John 9:1-12 ) . From this narrative. it is clear that many believed that any malformation in a individual was the consequence of a wickedness committed. Jesus contradicts this acutely in the narrative and puts it clear that this was purposeful and intended for grounds of God’s work to be seen. This healing raised a batch of concern from the Pharisees who sought an chance to oppress Jesus because of His instructions. The cured adult male openly declares Jesus as a prophesier from God something which does non convert the Pharisees of the beginning and mission of Jesus as one sent from the Father ( God ) . The Pharisees go further to ask from the man’s parents about whether that adult male was their boy. In fright of being chased out of the temples. the parents refer the Pharisees back to the adult male claiming that he is old plenty to explicate everything. It besides raised a difference among the Pharisees some who claim that He is non from God because He keeps non the Sabbath while others are for the position that he is God sent because no evildoer can execute the miracles and admirations he did. This serves to demo God’s power and ability through the anticipated christ every bit good as turn outing the truth in Jesus’ words that He is sent from God. Jesus and Evil Spirits Demons are besides seen to give into the bid of the power and authorization endowed in Jesus. This is depicted by the straight-out confession of devils in a adult male during a visit in the town of Capernaum by Jesus. In this instance. the devils cry out in entire entry to the authorization of Jesus and acknowledge Him as the â€Å"Holy one of God. the Jesus of Nazareth† ( Mark 1:24 ) . Jesus is seen to command silence among the devils after which the immorality spirits smartly agitate the adult male to the land and go instantly. The bid by Jesus upon the evil liquors marks the separation of these liquors and the adult male. The crowds around besides noted a difference and see the instructions of this adult male ( Jesus ) as one endowed with authorization as opposes to those of the instructors of the jurisprudence. This information is recorded to make the whole Galilee as the people saw the truth accompanied with authorization in work. something extremely opposed by the Pharisees ( Niswonger. 1992 ) . This act therefore advances the land of God as one with power and authorization every bit good as supreme to all other governments of evil nature. The Calling of Levi The naming of Levi. a revenue enhancement aggregator. is another narrative that focuses on the ministry of Jesus in the amplification and nature of the land of God. After his call. Levi follows Jesus and prepares a feast for Him in his house. The fellow revenue enhancement aggregators besides came to dine together with Jesus in Levis’ house. The feast became another platform of unfavorable judgment from the Pharisees who saw Him dining with revenue enhancement aggregators for they regarded them as castawaies and non campaigners of the land of God ( Luke 5:27-31 ) . In cognition of His ground of coming to the universe. Jesus answers them by stating them that it is the sick who consult a physician and non the healthy. With this. He meant that His coming was non for the righteous and blameless but for those in darkness and wilderness of wickedness and wickedness ( Vs 31 ) . This indicates that Jesus came for intent of delivering the lost back to the land of God and everyone is welcome every bit long as she or he is ready to follow and adhere to His bids ( Thomas A ; Gundry. 1988 ) . Decision In Galilee. Jesus performed assorted miracles and admirations every bit good as learning the crowds in the temple and temples ( Niswonger. 1992 ) . His ministry threatened much the Pharisees. Teachers of the jurisprudence and Sadducees who had a batch of resistance. Despite all these resistances. Jesus did non halt carry throughing the will of the 1 who sent Him but instead he sees this as fulfilment of the word of God ( John 15:25 ) . The crowds made a clear differentiation between the Pharisees and Jesus and many are seen to follow Jesus due to the aid. aid. miracles and admirations He performed. At the terminal of the ministry. He assigns His adherents with one assignment â€Å"Go to the universe and preach the Gospel of the Lord and state the people to denounce their evil ways and follow Gods’ righteous manner. Besides. they were to baptise all trusters in the Trinity way† ( Mathew 28:16-20 ) .

The Southern Ocean Is the Fifth and Newest World Ocean

The Southern Ocean Is the Fifth and Newest World Ocean In 2000, the International Hydrographic Organization created the fifth and newest world ocean - the Southern Ocean - from the southern portions of the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and the Pacific Ocean. The new Southern Ocean completely surrounds Antarctica.​ The Southern Ocean extends from the coast of Antarctica north to 60 degrees south latitude. The Southern Ocean is now the fourth largest of the worlds five oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Indian Ocean, but larger than the Arctic Ocean). Are There Really Five Oceans? For some time, those in geographic circles have debated whether there are four or five oceans on Earth. Some consider the Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific to be the worlds four oceans. Now, those that side with the number five can add the fifth new ocean and call it the Southern Ocean or the Antarctic Ocean, thanks to the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). The IHO Makes a Decision The IHO, the  International Hydrographic Organization, has attempted to settle that debate through a 2000 publication that declared, named, and demarcated the Southern Ocean. The IHO published the third edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas (S-23), the global authority on the names and locations of seas and oceans, in 2000. The third edition in 2000 established the existence of the Southern Ocean as the fifth world ocean. There are 68 member countries of the IHO and membership is limited to non-landlocked countries. Twenty-eight countries responded to the IHOs request for recommendations on what to do about the Southern Ocean. All responding members except Argentina agreed that the ocean surrounding Antarctica should be created and given a single name. Eighteen of the 28 responding countries preferred calling the ocean the Southern Ocean over the alternative name Antarctic Ocean, so the former is the one that was selected. Where Is the Fifth Ocean? The Southern Ocean consists of the ocean surrounding Antarctica across all degrees of longitude and up to a northern boundary at 60 ° South latitude (which is also the limit of the United Nations Antarctic Treaty). Half of the responding countries supported 60 ° South while only seven preferred 50 ° South as the oceans northern limit. The IHO decided that, even with a mere 50% support for 60 °, since 60 °S does not run through land (50 °S does pass through South America) that 60 °S should be the northern limit of the newly demarcated ocean. Why the Need for a New Southern Ocean? A great deal of oceanographic research in recent years has been concerned with ocean circulations, first because of How Big Is the Southern Ocean? At approximately 20.3 million square kilometers (7.8 million square miles) and about twice the size of the U.S.A., the new ocean is the worlds fourth largest (following the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian, but larger than the Arctic Ocean). The Southern Oceans lowest point is 7,235 meters (23,737 feet) below sea level in the South Sandwich Trench. The sea temperature of the Southern Ocean varies from -2 °C to 10 °C (28 °F to 50 °F). Its home to the worlds largest ocean current, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that moves east and transports 100 times the flow of all the worlds rivers. Despite the demarcation of this new ocean, its likely that the debate over the number of oceans will continue nonetheless. After all, there is but one world ocean as all five (or four) oceans on our planet are connected.

International accounting and finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

International accounting and finance - Essay Example International companies play a huge role in the global company and can have a powerful influence on the prospects and performance of several economies, especially those that are directly influenced by its business operations and decisions (Ray Whittington, 2007). Irrespective of their nature of operation, both domestic as well as international companies rely on the efficient management of their financial resources, wherein the financial management of the company can be defined as the management of the financial resources of a business organization so as to guide it towards the achievement of its financial objectives (Arthur Andersen, 1977). In this aspect, there are a few aspects, which are entirely applicable irrespective of the area or extent of operation of the company. With a view to improving the prospects of commercial business as the basis of the structure for the organization, the key objectives of managing the finances of the firm are to primarily generate revenue and profits for the business apart from ensuring the liquidity levels within the business. In addition, it is also necessary for financial management to provide the required strategies to help generate a healthy return on investment by assisting in identifying and mitigati ng all the risks involved in conducting the business by putting in a certain set of resources. In this respect, financial management is achieved for any firm through three main sections. Planning: in order to fund business operations, the management needs to be sure of the amount of funding available and the sums required to aid the needs of the business. Funding is required to invest in the company, its infrastructure, human resources as well as assist in the sales made over the credit (Barry Epstein, 2001). For longer terms, funding is also required to enhance the levels of productivity

Developmental Timeline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Developmental Timeline - Essay Example The final stage is the formal operational stage and this stage goes from the age of 12 and ends at death. In this stage, children can think articulately about concrete objects and they have a strong sense of reasoning. There are also substages to these stages. The first substage to the sensorimotor stage is from the ages of birth to one month and it occurs through reflexes like grasping and sucking. In this stage knowledge is acquired through these reflexes. Substage 2 happens from the ages of 1 to 4 months. Reflexes are organized into larger more complex behaviours where behaviours like grabbing a rattle to suck occurs. Substage 3 occurs from the ages of 4 to 8 months where repetition of actions causes pleasing or interesting things to happen as in the case of banging a rattle. Substage 4 occurs from the ages of 8 to 12 months. This occurs when objects can be imagined with the mind even when they are out of sight. Substage 5 occurs from the ages of 12 to 18 months where an object is used in a variety of ways. For example, banging a spoon against a high chair.

Analysis of Black Criminal Stereotypes And Racial Profiling Article Research Paper

Analysis of Black Criminal Stereotypes And Racial Profiling Article Authored by Welch - Research Paper Example Welch seeks to address the diverse factors contributing to the criminal stereotyping of Blacks since this perception has, unfortunately, availed a rationale for the sorts for racial profiling employed by law enforcement agencies, as well as other criminal justice institutions (Welch, 2007). Welch uses prior research to explore the theoretical elements employed in the development of Black criminal characterization. The author highlights studies on theoretical elements employed in the development of Black criminal characterization. The prior research assumes a weak correspondence between the broadly embraced stereotypes and criminality (Quillian & Pager, 2001). Questions remain on the guarantee of the accuracy of data collection procedures, and as the information backing the observation may be erroneous. The article on racial profiling can be criticized based on its methods and conclusions. The author does not take into account the conceptual framework employed in the development of Black criminal characterization (Unnever & Gabbidon, 2011). This derives from the fact that different theories may explain racial disparities and problems arise when interpreting findings on racial profiling since the mere presence of disparity within the aggregate statistics does not, itself demonstrate racial bias in the same way that racial disparities within prison populations demonstrate racial bias by sentencing judges (Russell, 2013).   Welch cites empirical studies on Black and crime to demonstrate that Blacks remain mostly depicted in a negative light such as criminally threatening (Welch, 2007). This implies that can be understood as a crime-specific mode of racial prejudice and discrimination.

Review the arguments and evidence for and against the efficient market Essay

Review the arguments and evidence for and against the efficient market hypothesis and discuss whether the recent financial crisis has caused the hypothesis irreparable damage - Essay Example The global financial crisis has made a huge impact on modern financial theory which was based on the hypothesis that the financial markets were more or less efficient. Many economists and writers were respected the efficient market hypothesis. Economists Robert Shiller touted EMH as the most important theory in the history of economics. This report will look at the implication of efficient market hypothesis in the functioning of the financial markets. It will focus the disadvantage of EMH and why some analyst wants to reject this hypothesis permanently. Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) is an investment theory in finance that states it is impossible to beat the market because the efficiency in the stock market leads to the reflection of all relevant information in the prices of shares. According to this theory, the trading of stocks always takes place at their fair values on every stock exchange. Hence it is impossible for investors to purchase stocks that are undervalued and also to sell stocks at a higher price than its fair market price. In this regard, it is not possible to outperform the return of the overall market through expert opinion on stock selection and also by timing the market. The theory also mentions that investors are left with only one way to obtain higher returns and it is through purchasing investments that are riskier in nature. The financial crisis of the year 2008-09 has left the economies of Europe and US vastly devastated. The rate of unemployment has reached very high and the economies in the US, Europe a nd also other countries are performing well below their economic capacity. The crisis has shaken the theory of efficient market hypothesis which assumes the existence of efficiency in every financial market. According to EMH, public information is reflected in the asset prices without any delay. It also suggests that the availability of any information which may affect the future price of any stock is already reflected in the

The public needs to know Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The public needs to know - Research Proposal Example Its management is also costly and leaves most families poor besides the fact that available management strategies only slows down the disease’s effects. I, in this paper, present a proposal for a business of developing a new drug for cancer patients in order to reduce cancer’s currently experienced effects. Economic situation The new drug development is expected to cost about one billion U.S. dollars, inclusive of involved tax and miscellaneous expenses. Most of the projected cost will be invested in research and will be used to purchase research facilities and to offer remunerations and incentives to researchers, research assistants, and research participants. Some donors, research agencies, government institutions, and nongovernmental organizations have pledged their support for the initiative, and received and pledged donations amount to $ 400 million. This is, however, 60 percent short of the total required amount. As a result, the next phase of the drug development project that was scheduled to kick off in four months time may be delayed. Being a social initiative, the drug development program is not profit oriented and will rely on donations from well-wishers. We therefore appeal for further donations from people and organizations to facilitate the project that will develop a low cost drug for managing cancer (Neidle, 2011). Special needs of the target population The project seeks to meet diversified social needs. The overall benefit of the drug in suppressing cancerous growths and involved consequences on patients and the society will serve these needs. One of the special needs is the preservation of cancer victims’ lives. Even though the developed drug does not offer treatment to the disease, preliminary research indicates that it will greatly suppress cancerous growths, at any stage, and therefore sustain victims’ lives. The suppressed growth will further minimize and possibly mitigate pain among cancer patients to achieve h igh quality of life. Retention of a cancer patient’s cognitive ability is another special need that the developed drug will meet. This will be derived from the drug’s potential to suppress further growth and to subsequently control realized symptoms among patients. Preliminary tests have also indicated the drug’s milder side effects, as compared to those of the currently applied cancer management techniques such as chemotherapy, which will meet the need for more effective drugs with less significant side effects (Livestrong, n.d.). Process The proposed drug development project will follow the laid down guidelines for developing and testing a new drug. The first involved step, preclinical research, has been done. This involved scientific research into development of cancerous cells, involved factors into such growth and proposed drug components for countering the growths. The next stage of the development process will involve a multi staged set of trials with inc reasing number of test participants at each advanced stage. Each of the trial stages will involve evaluation of effects of the drug on cancerous growth and possible effects on the volunteers. The process will involve three trials in which 50 volunteers will participate in the first trial, 200 participants will be involved in the second trial and 2000 in the third trial. The drug, upon successful tests, will then be filed with the responsible national drug agency for approval. The remaining stages of the

Review the arguments and evidence for and against the efficient market Essay

Review the arguments and evidence for and against the efficient market hypothesis and discuss whether the recent financial crisis has caused the hypothesis irreparable damage - Essay Example The global financial crisis has made a huge impact on modern financial theory which was based on the hypothesis that the financial markets were more or less efficient. Many economists and writers were respected the efficient market hypothesis. Economists Robert Shiller touted EMH as the most important theory in the history of economics. This report will look at the implication of efficient market hypothesis in the functioning of the financial markets. It will focus the disadvantage of EMH and why some analyst wants to reject this hypothesis permanently. Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) is an investment theory in finance that states it is impossible to beat the market because the efficiency in the stock market leads to the reflection of all relevant information in the prices of shares. According to this theory, the trading of stocks always takes place at their fair values on every stock exchange. Hence it is impossible for investors to purchase stocks that are undervalued and also to sell stocks at a higher price than its fair market price. In this regard, it is not possible to outperform the return of the overall market through expert opinion on stock selection and also by timing the market. The theory also mentions that investors are left with only one way to obtain higher returns and it is through purchasing investments that are riskier in nature. The financial crisis of the year 2008-09 has left the economies of Europe and US vastly devastated. The rate of unemployment has reached very high and the economies in the US, Europe a nd also other countries are performing well below their economic capacity. The crisis has shaken the theory of efficient market hypothesis which assumes the existence of efficiency in every financial market. According to EMH, public information is reflected in the asset prices without any delay. It also suggests that the availability of any information which may affect the future price of any stock is already reflected in the

Branding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Branding - Essay Example The primary thing is that branding is not a straight jacketed, isolated and sterile activity that is totally severed from the nature of the product being branded, but is rather an aspect of the overall process of product designing, manufacturing and marketing (LePla & Parker 2). The primary purpose of branding is to educate the consumers regarding how a high quality and innovative product stands apart and is way ahead of the substitutes being offered by other competitors. The popular belief is that it takes loads of money to create a successful brand. Yet, the fact is that brands are built in the minds of the actual consumers. Hence, there is no consumer who does not want a product to be bereft of the time tested attributes like quality, utility, usability, durability, credibility, reliability and reputation. Therefore, if a company has a viable product that meets all these attributes and possibly a little extra, the concerned marketing experts can easily push that product into the c onsumer consciousness, within an affordable budget and some productive effort. Thereby, the primary purpose of branding is to bring to fore the key attributes that differentiate a successful product from its competitors, to be consistent about the claims it tends to make regarding a particular product and to make sure that the products stands by these claims when actually bought and used by the consumers, to identify and target the particular audience who have a need for that particular product and to educate and convince them regarding the product (LePla & Parker 5). Products like people have a character and a personality. However, in the recent times, marketing experts have been so entangled in the personality ethic that they have simply lost sight of the relevance of the overall character of a product. A branding approach based on personality ethic is more about believing that success of product is solely dependent on its public image and the mass perceptions associated with it ( Covey 19). In contrast a branding approach based on character ethics holds that if a product like a person is supported by a quintessential solidity of quality, character and integrity, it will definitely be able to hold on to and justify the image and perceptions being created about it, thereby leading to a successful brand (Covey 22). This is my essential belief about professional branding. Certainly, creating and managing consumer perceptions is important, but such perceptions are bound to fizzle out in the short term, if not backed by a product that is about quality, technology, utility, durability and reliability. Many apt examples do support this essential belief about branding. For instance, the success of many famous brands created by Apple like iPod and iPhone owe it to the fact that Apple places the consumer needs and requirements at the center of its closely integrated effort at product designing, manufacturing and marketing (Greg 1). The crux of Apple’s branding a pproach is to identify the consumer needs, to design and manufacture a quality product that fulfills those needs much better as compared to other competitors, and to eventually educate the consumers and highlight the key attributes of that product in a consistent and planned manner, thereby leading to a successful brand that is able to withstand the challenges posed by time and altering technologies. Take another

A point in life Essay Example for Free

A point in life Essay I have come to a point in life that many people have not. I have made a firm decision to recommit myself to pursuing my dreams. While there are those who believe that with an ounce of luck and a ton of persistence anything can be accomplished, I believe that there is no reason to expend so much energy and rely on luck. I believe in taking hold of my destiny and carving out a future for myself based on the decisions that I make in life. Life is simply too short and too precious to be left to luck alone. This is why I have chosen to apply for the (Insert name of course) at the (insert name of university). As the world continues to change and the workplace becomes more and more challenging and competitive, it becomes imperative for anyone looking for a successful career to not only have the drive to succeed but also the training and expertise to do so. I am not saying that I do not have the training and expertise at the moment but I do believe that there is still room for more. The rich and diverse academic community at Haas will definitely be the perfect place for me to learn and be prepared for the challenges that lie ahead. Having completed my (insert degree here) in (insert date) from (insert name of university here), there have been so many opportunities in life that I have not been able to take advantage of because of the competitiveness of the working environment. I believe that this experience and background of mine will help me pursue this dream. Being a (insert career) is only the beginning of a long journey for me. I realize that it will not be easy and I look forward to that challenge. In the short term, I see myself completing this degree and fulfilling the requirements for this course. I believe that this experience will be sufficient to prepare me for the next step which is applying for a good internship position that will give me the training that I need. I eventually plan to pursue larger goals such as taking a doctoral degree and perhaps starting my own business. The world is fast becoming a borderless place. Cultures, races, beliefs and ideologies are blend together and interact because of the growing advances in communications. In order to succeed in this world, one needs to be able to adapt to the various cultural differences as well as be able to maintain a certain sense of individual identity. This is the advantage that I feel I can get at this fine academic institution; the training to be competitive in the global economy and at the same time the flexibility to be able to deal with the different cultures in the diverse business world. That is why I believe that this course is a crucial step for me. My success and my accomplishments here will herald the beginning of the fulfillment of my personal and professional goals. It is said that the one thing that nobody can ever take away from you is your education and that is the one thing that I plan to not only gain for myself but for others as well. My most important character strength, in my opinion, is my ability to adapt, accept and learn. My business acumen and knowledge is due to the fact that both my parents are business oriented and running businesses of their own. This provided me with a closer view of what I need to accomplish at an academic level before venturing into a business of my own, particularly in this highly competitive field. My personality, in my humble opinion, is best suited for this kind of endeavor (business) because of my ability to multi-task. During my past work experiences, I have often come across as witty and amiable. Yet, I am no push over when it comes to working in a corporate or business environment. I firmly believe that I can succeed in anything that I want to as long as I work hard at it. I get things done. The job gets done faster and more efficiently as and when the objectives are clear, the strategies acceptable, and the resources are available. Of course, in the real world, these do not always happen. To the extent that they happen and to the extent that I can make them happen, I go after them and manage to get the job done. While I personally believe that â€Å"there is no such thing as a free lunch† and that everything a person has in life must come from hard work and perseverance, I also believe in charity. I believe in helping others who do not have much in life. I believe in helping people regardless of their nation, race or creed. I believe in being a better person so I can best help myself and others around me. I believe that (Insert Name of University) is the best place for me to turn these beliefs into realities.

Automation Process in Online Shopping

Automation Process in Online Shopping 1. INTRODUCTION Online Shopping 1.1 About The Project This project is developed for the automation process of shopping throw online i.e through web. In marchant module adding the catogories,products,itemSales, giving orders, stock maintenace, creating invoice (bill) for orders, shipping of items order given by customer. creation, details, and other transactions like automatic increment,decrement of stock, paid invoice(amount),shipping invoice And all other transactions for large scale whole sale or retail sales, very big shops, or organizations. This project mainly contains 3 modules like Marchant module, Customer module, and invoice module. In customer module customers will give orders for items which are being available in that shop. In our project that order is processed and details are stored in data base. In invoice module total bill for ordered items will be created. In case if the ordered items are not being shipped at a time then the pending order details will be processed and the bill for the pending order will be created. In Marchant Module products are being maintained in category wise and product wise, item wise and up to date stock will be maintained in computerized manner. And up to date order given by the customer through online web status will be shown with help of dynamic web pages by getting data from database. EXISTING SYSTEM In existing system every thing is manual like customer will go to shop manually and he/she selects items which are available in shop and the marchant will calculate the bill for products selected by the customer and then shipping process will take place. Existing System is manual, every thing we have to do manually displaying items Selecting items Billing process Shipping Problems in present system Could not synchronize the Outward information to shopping order details. No track of the complaints and replaced goods after ordering Order status is updated manually using Order Confirmation. Very high levels of effort for preparing invoices and dispatch related documents and routing them to relevant departments or locations and high levels of clerical activity on account of applicability of different customers and products. Increased levels of expectation from customers with respect to prompt delivery of items. Inability to accurately judge changing patterns of fast and slow moving items on account of large volumes of data, and inability to track goods in transit. Difficulties in handling customer queries pertaining to consignments in-transit and partial dispatches. Important orders not discriminated from others since all orders since all orders were processed on a FIFO basis-hence need to be able to prioritize and process orders on a preferential basis (for high value orders or important customers), if required. Increase in frequency of goods returned on account of damage leading to high stock levels of damaged goods in the factory. Discrepancy between ordered and invoiced quantities on account of either partial availability of stocks or clerical oversights. Insufficient checks in the current system for ensuring customer credit limits are not exceeded. Sales data not analyzed properly to streamline production volumes. This is primarily on account of varying sales patterns across the year and high volumes of transaction. Customers could communicate to the Sales people but no information is kept in track for future references. Marchant or Management couldnt not have any information regarding latest sales reports unless requested and taken it for Spreadsheet applications. Marchant or Management requires the Quality information updates against the complaints and quality measures and metrics, which the current system couldnt provide such facilities. The end user of this product is a departmental store where the application is hosted on the web and administrator maintains database.This application which is deployed at the departmental store will automate the following process. the customer details are appended to the customer database. The details of the items are brought forward from the database for customers view based on the selection through the menu. Database of all the products are products are updated at the end of the each transaction. 1. MODULE Marchant Module Marchant will enter into the next form by entering username,password in this login page,after entering into next page marchant will add new products, categories, different different items what are all the items available in that store,and if he wants he will modify the things,he will delete things And maintains everything by date wise. Enhancing stores update stores delete from stores Software and Hardware Requirements The following software and hardware are recommended for the company. Hardware Requirements: Processor : Pentium Speed : 233 MHz Monitor : samtron HardDisk : 4.2 GB RAM : 128 MB Software Requirements: Operating : SystemWindows NT Language : JAVA (JSP, JDBC).JDK 1.4 Backend : ORACLE 2.0 SYSTEM SPECIFICATION 2.1 Introduction 2.4 Advantages of the Proposed System Inter-Department Communication using Intranet Mailing Services (emails)Tracking the mails received from the customers as complaints and using them for appraisal and audit purpose purposes. Customized and adhoc reports for the MIS for decision-making. Order indent-automation from the direct sales dept. Shop Inventory Database updates. Stock in shop information Communication with the customers regarding the orders and complaints and tracking them for the future purposes. Application Portfolio It is recommended that the organization takes up the following four functional areas for automation Marchant department customer department Stores department Billing, shipping Information System The reasons for selecting the above are that firstly they directly address the problems enumerated. Secondly, together they forma cohesive set of well-integrated application with one system acting as the feeder system for the other. System Architecture DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS: A data flow diagram is a logical model of a system. The model does not depend on hardware, software and data structures of the organization. There is no physical implication in a data flow diagram. Because the diagram is a graphic picture of the logical system, it tends to be easy for every non-technical user to understand and thus serves as an excellent communication tool. Finally a data flow diagram is a good starting point for system design. To construct a data flow diagram it uses four basic symbols. They are given below. Rectangle: The above symbol is used to define source or destination of data. Circle or Rounded Corners Rectangle: The above symbols are defined to represent a process that transforms or modifies the data. 3.21 INTRODUCTION UML is a notation that resulted from the unification Of Object Modeling Technique and Object Oriented Software Technology .UML has been designed for broad range of application. Hence, it provides constructs for a broad range of systems and activities. An Overview of UML in five notations 1. use case diagrams Use cases are used during requirements elicitation and analysis To represent the functionality of the system.Use cases focus on the behaviour of the system from the external point of view.The actor are Outside the boundary of the system,whereas the use cases are inside the boundary of the system. 2. class diagrams Class diagrams to describe the structure of the system. Classes Are abstraction that specify the common structure and behaviour of a set Of objects. Class diagrams describe the system in terms of objects, classes, attributes, operations and their associations. 3. Sequence diagrams Sequence diagrams are used to formalize the behaviour of the system and to visualize the communication among objects. They are useful for identifying additional objects that participate in the use cases. A Sequence diagram represents the interaction that take place among these objects. 4. Statechart diagrams State chart diagrams describe the behaviour of an individual object as a number of states and transitions between these states. A state represents a particular set of values for an object. The sequence diagram focuses on the messages exchanged between objects, the state chart diagrams focuses on the transition between states. 5.Activity diagrams An activity diagram describes a system in terms of activities. Activities are states that represents the execution of a set of operations. Activity diagrams are similar to flowchart diagram and data flow. Screens of online shopping 3. REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION PURPOSE The purpose of â€Å"Online Shopping† is to evaluate the performance of the various products, maintain stock details, product details, and customer details of â€Å"very big shops†. SCOPE This document is meant for the use of the organization and also will be the basis for clarifications. Alterations will not be made without the permission of the organization. PRODUCT FUNCTIONS OVERVIEW Online Shopping is mainly designed for the big shops to automate the maintenance of stock, maintaining customer details, manipulating product details and maintaining the payment details. It also promotes in monitoring the marketing strategy to be implemented depending on the performance of the various products. 3.1 Requirements In system analysis the developer interacts with the customer/client and works with him in order to find out what he specifically needs. Later he sees the past system, which is in use, and tries to find out what is lacking in that system. This examination of past system is not mandatory. That helps the developer to dig in the problem of the client or the customer. System Analysis is the study of gathering and interpreting facts, diagnosing problems, and using the recommended improvements to the system. Analysis specifies what the system should do whereas design states how to accomplish the objective. System Analysis is comprised of following things. Identify the customers need. Feasibility study. Analyzing the system technically and economically. Resource allocation. Cost Estimations and Work schedule preparation. Defining the system, which forms the base of the following activities. The success of a system depends largely on how accurately a problem is defined, thoroughly investigated and properly carried out through the choice of solution. User need identification and analysis are concerned with the user needs rather than what the customer wants. This step is intended to help the user and the analyst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms. This package has been developed in order to overcome the difficulties encountered while using the manual system. Faster and timely generation of reports is another motivating factor for the development of this package. The following requirements are identified. 3.1.1 Functional Requirements Customer Order Processing New order (Order no auto generated). View Products in category Status. Log User Complaints. Order Search and Processing Status. Internal Mail. Merchants Inventory Processing Category wise prod Details. Department Orders. Internal Mails. Management Information System Processing Adhoc Report. Internal Mails. Inter office Memos. 3.1.2 User Interfaces: A LOGIN form is presented with three fields to be entered. When the Login button is pressed, based on the empid, department values in the login form, database the respective form gets displayed. After that the user can perform the required activities. 3.2.2 Analysis Objects 1. Interface Objects: The interface object (also known as Boundary Object) is responsible for controlling access to the Enterprise Java Beans tier from any client. This includes other server-side components, such as Servlets and Jsp pages.An excellent example of interface object is the controller servlets for the web applications MVC architecture. 2. Control Objects: Control objects provide services to the application. They model functionality that is not naturally associated with a particular entity or interface. Often, this is because more than one entity needs to be operated on at one time; an example might be determining if there is sufficient inventory to manufacture a product. Other times, it may be because a relevant entity was not identified in the model; an example might be charging someones credit card. 3. Entity Objects: Entity objects model those business objects that should maintain their state after the use case completes. Typically, this means that they represent data from the database. Some examples are Customer, product, and an order. Entity objects should be represented by entity beans in the implementation model. The Entity Objects: Customer Invoice Order Stock Product 3.3 INPUTS The following inputs are collected for proposed system during the requirements specification from the Industries. 1. Goods Inward Note (GIN) The factory receives this document from the factory along with the finished goods. It consists of the details of items received .The warehouse in charge is supposed to physically verify the stock received against this document. Discrepancies are to be noted on the GIN and send back to the factory. It is use to enter details into the Goods inward register. It is also used to update stock book on weekly basis. 2. Goods received Confirmation On receiving the goods the customer is supposed to send a letter or telephonically in form the receipt of the consignment. Having got this information, the relevant invoice from the in transit file is to be removed and destroyed is fixed format for this document. 3. Goods Returned Note This is prepared based on the information send by the direct customer or dealer on goods that have been damaged in transit. It contains the details of the damaged goods. A copy of this is sent to the order-processing department, anther copy to the quality control department and third is field in the GRN file. The GRN details are entered into the damaged goods ledger. 4. Order Company receives order from their direct customer and detailers. The dealers fill in the details on Flowells order form itself. The orders from the direct customers are transcribed on the regular format. Orders can be sent by one warehouse to another. They are used for checking the availability of the stock. They are serialized and then filled. In is used to check the availability of the required stock in stock book and the goods inward register. The order could be serviced completely, partially or pending as the case may be. 3.5 Outputs The following outputs are collected for proposed system during the requirements specification from the Shops. 1. Invoice Once an order (either direct customer order or the dealer order) gets serviced partially or fully, an invoice for the same needs to be prepared. Most of the details are picked up from the order itself .An order may have multiple invoices. The discount for special customers is worked out. The rate is got form the product rate file. A copy of the invoice is sent to the direct customer, dealer, in-transit file, invoice file. The invoice details are entered into the issue register. Once supplementary gets service partially or fully nil valued supplementary invoice for the same needs to be prepared. Most of the details are picked up from the supplementary order itself. A copy of the supplementary invoice is sent to the direct customer, dealer, in-tansit file, and supplementary invoice file. The supplementary invoice details are entered into the issue register. 2. Dispatch Instructions The invoice department picks up dispatch instructions for the invoices that are prepared from the order form. This they send to the dispatch department. They prepare a packing slip. This is a regular report being prepared, consisting of order that are pending as of a particular date. The details for this report are taken from the pending orders. 3. Weekly Stock Status Report This is another weekly report prepared giving the details of the stock of each product. The details are obtained from the stock book. This report is prepared on adhoc basis. Whenever the actual stock is compared with book stock, and discrepancies found, they are entered product wise in this report. 4. DESIGN SPECIFICATION 4.1 DATA DESIGN Data objects A data object is a thing about which you want to store information. It has independent existence and can be uniquely identified. The following data objects are derived for the system. Customer Order Product Invoice category Relationships A relationship is a named association between agent and customer entity or more than entities we say that relationship exists between clerk and customer entity type. Similarly a relation between a clerk entity type and a manager entity type. The following relationships are identified for the system. For instance let us take the objects CUSTOMER, CATEGORY,PRODUCT, ORDER ,BILL the following relationships are identified. Customer â€Å"places† an Order. Order â€Å"contains† Product. Product â€Å"dispatched to† Customer. The relationships between the remaining entities are as follows : Customer â€Å"receives† Invoice. Invoice â€Å"has† Product. E-R Diagram E-R Diagram as a method to represent a Data model and was developed by Chen (1976). The main focus of a Data Model is to identify the required data and show it diagrammatically, which is called Entity Relationship Diagram. Its popularly is attributed to its simplicity. It has a top-down design approach to decide the minimum data that we would like to store for a given information system. 4.2 Screens ONLINE SHOPPING SCREENS TESTING It is a process of establishing confidence that a program or system does what it is proposed of. Testing is the only way to assure the quality of software and it is an umbrella activity rather than a separate phase. This is an activity to be performed in parallel with the software effort and one that consists of its own phases of analysis, design, implementation, execution and maintenance. 5.1 Testing strategy 5.1.1 Unit Testing: This testing method considers a module as single unit and checks the unit at interfaces and communicates with other modules rather than getting into details at statement level. Here the module will be treated as a black box, which will take some inputs and generate output. Outputs for a given set of input combination are pre-calculated and are generated by the module. 5.1.2 Integration testing: Here all the pre-tested individual modules will be assembled to create the larger system and tests are carried out at system level to make sure that all modules are working in synchronous with each other. This testing methodology helps in making sure that all modules which are running perfectly when checked individually and are also running cohesion with other modules. For this testing we create test cases to check all modules once and then generated test combinations of test paths through out the system to make sure that no path is making its way into chaos. 5.1.3 Validation testing: Testing is a major quality control measure employed during software development. Its basic function is to detect errors. Sub functions when combined may not produce than it is desired. Global data structures can represent the problems. Integrated testing is a systematic technique for constructing the program structure while conducting the tests. To uncover errors that are associated with interfacing the objective is to make test modules and built a program structure that has been detected by design. In a non-incremental integration all the modules are combined in advance and the program is tested as a whole. Here errors will appear in an endless loop function. In incremental testing the program is constructed and tested in small segments where the errors are isolated and corrected. Different incremental integration strategies are top-down integration, bottom-up integration, regression testing. 5.1.4 High-order testing (a.k.a. System Testing) Modules are integrated by moving downwards through the control hierarchy beginning with main program. The subordinate modules are incorporated into structure in either a Breadth First manner or in a Depth First manner. This process is done in five steps: Main control module is used as a test driver and steps are submitted are all modules directly to main program. Depending on the integration approach selected subordinate is replaced at a time with actual modules. Tests are conducted. On completion of each set of tests another stub is replaced with the real module. Regression testing may be conducted to ensure that new errors have not been introduced. This process continues from step 2 until entire program structure is reached. In top down integration strategy decision making occurs at upper levels in the hierarchy and is encountered first. If major control problems do exists early recognitions is essential. If Depth First integration is selected a complete function of the software may be implemented and demonstrated. Some problems occur when processing at low levels in hierarchy is required to adequately test upper level steps to replace low-level modules at the beginning of the top-down testing. So no data flows upwards in the program structure. BOTTOM-UP INTEGRATION TESTING Begins construction and testing with automatic modules. As modules are integrated from the bottom-up, processing requirement for modules subordinate to a given level is always available and need for stubs is eliminated. The following steps implement this strategy: Low-level modules are combined in to clusters that perform a specific software sub function. A driver is written to coordinate test case input and output. Cluster is tested. Drivers are removed and moving upward in program structure combines clusters. Integration moves upward, the need for separate test drovers lesions. If the top-levels of the program are integrated top-down, the number of drivers can be reduced substantially and integration of clusters is greatly simplified. REGRESSION TESTING Each time a new module is added as a part of integration as the software changes. Regression testing is an actually that helps to ensure changes that do not introduce unintended behavior as additional errors. Regression testing may be conducted manually by executing a subset of all test cases and results for subsequent playback tools enables the software engineer to capture the test case and results for subsequent playback and compression. The regression suit contains different classes of test cases. 6. CONFIGURATION 7. FEATURES USED 7.1 About J2EE (Javaâ„ ¢ 2 Platform Enterprise Edition, v1.3) Today, more and more developers want to write distributed transactional applications for the enterprise and leverage the speed, security, and reliability of server-side technology. If you are already working in this area, you know that in todays fast-moving and demanding world of e-commerce and information technology, enterprise applications have to be designed, built, and produced for less money, with greater speed, and with fewer resources than ever before. To reduce costs and fast-track enterprise application design and development, the Javaâ„ ¢2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EEâ„ ¢) technology provides a component-based approach to the design, development, assembly, and deployment of enterprise applications. The J2EE platform offers a multitiered distributed application model, the ability to reuse components, integrated Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based data interchange, a unified security model, and flexible transaction control. Not only can you deliver innovative customer solutions to market faster than ever, but your platform-independent J2EE component-based solutions are not tied to the products and application programming interfaces (APIs) of any one vendor. Vendors and customers enjoy the freedom to choose the products and components that best meet their business and technological requirements. Distributed Multitier Applications The J2EE platform uses a multitier distributed application model for both enterprise applications. Application logic is divided into components according to function, and the various application components that make up a J2EE application are installed on different machines depending on the tier in the multitier J2EE environment to which the application component belongs. The following Figure shows two multitier J2EE applications divided into the tiers described in the following list. The J2EE application parts shown in the Figure are presented in J2EE Components. Client-tier components run on the client machine. Web-tier components run on the J2EE server. Business-tier components run on the J2EE server. Enterprise information system (EIS)-tier software runs on the EIS server. Although a J2EE application can consist of the three or four tiers shown in Figure, J2EE multitiered applications are generally considered to be threetiered applications because they are distributed over three different locations: client machines, the J2EE server machine, and the database or legacy machines at the back end. Three-tiered applications that run in this way extend the standard two-tiered client and server model by placing a multithreaded application server between the client application and back-end storage. J2EE Architecture The required relationships of architectural elements of the J2EE platform are shown in Figure. Note that this figure shows the logical relationships of the elements; it is not meant to imply a physical partitioning of the elements into separate machines, processes, address spaces, or virtual machines.The Containers, denoted by the separate rectangles,are J2EE runtime environments that provide required services to the application components represented in the upper half of the rectangle. The services provided are denoted by the boxes in the lower half of the rectangle. For example, the Application Client Container provides Java Messaging Service (JMS) APIs to Application Clients, as well as the other services represented. All these services are explained below. The arrows represent required access to other parts of the J2EE platform. The Application Client Container provides Application Clients with direct access to the J2EE required Database through the Java API for connectivity with database systems, the JDBCTM API. Similar access to databases is provided to JSP pages and servlets by the Web Container, and to enterprise beans by the EJB Container. As indicated the APIs of the JavaTM 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SETM), are supported by J2SE runtime environments for each type of application component. J2EE Architecture Diagram J2EE Components J2EE applications are made up of components. A J2EE component is a self-contained functional software unit that is assembled into a J2EE application with its related classes and files and that communicates with other components. The J2EE specification defines the following J2EE components: Application clients and applets are components that run on the client. Java Servlet and JavaServer Pagesâ„ ¢ (JSPâ„ ¢) technology components are Web components that run on the server. Enterprise JavaBeansâ„ ¢ (EJBâ„ ¢) components (enterprise beans) are business Components that run on the server. J2EE components are written in the Java programming language and are compiled in the same way as any program in the language. The difference between J2EE components and â€Å"standard† Java classes is that J2EE components are assembled into a J2EE application, verified to be well formed and in compliance with the J2EE specification, and deployed to production, where they are run and managed by the J2EE server. J2EE Clients A J2EE client can be a Web client or an application client. Web Clients A Web client consists of two parts: dynamic Web pages containing various types of markup language (HTML, XML, and so on), which are generated by Web components running in the Web tier, and a Web browser, which renders the pages received from the server. A Web client is sometimes called a thin client. Thin clients usually do not do things like query databases, execute complex business rules, or connect to legacy applications. When you use a thin client, heavyweight operations like these are off-loaded to enterprise beans executing on the J2EE server where they can leverage the security, speed, services, and reliability of J2EE server-side technologies. Applets A Web page received from the Web tier can include an embedded applet. An applet is a small client application written in the Java programming language that executes in the Java virtual machine installed in the Web browser. However, client systems will likely need the Java Plug-in and possibly a security policy file in order for the applet to successfully execute in the Web browser. Web components are the preferred API for creating a Web client program because no plug-ins or security policy files are needed on the client systems. Also, Web components enable cleaner and more modular application design because they provide a way to separate applications programming from Web page design. Personnel involved in Web page design thus do not need to understand Java programming language syntax to do their jobs. Application Clients A J2EE application client runs on a client machine and provides a way for users to handle tasks that require a richer user interface than can be provided by a markup language. It typically has a graphical user interface (GUI) created from Swing or Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) APIs, but a command-line interface is certainly possible. Application clients directly access enterprise beans running in the Automation Process in Online Shopping Automation Process in Online Shopping 1. INTRODUCTION Online Shopping 1.1 About The Project This project is developed for the automation process of shopping throw online i.e through web. In marchant module adding the catogories,products,itemSales, giving orders, stock maintenace, creating invoice (bill) for orders, shipping of items order given by customer. creation, details, and other transactions like automatic increment,decrement of stock, paid invoice(amount),shipping invoice And all other transactions for large scale whole sale or retail sales, very big shops, or organizations. This project mainly contains 3 modules like Marchant module, Customer module, and invoice module. In customer module customers will give orders for items which are being available in that shop. In our project that order is processed and details are stored in data base. In invoice module total bill for ordered items will be created. In case if the ordered items are not being shipped at a time then the pending order details will be processed and the bill for the pending order will be created. In Marchant Module products are being maintained in category wise and product wise, item wise and up to date stock will be maintained in computerized manner. And up to date order given by the customer through online web status will be shown with help of dynamic web pages by getting data from database. EXISTING SYSTEM In existing system every thing is manual like customer will go to shop manually and he/she selects items which are available in shop and the marchant will calculate the bill for products selected by the customer and then shipping process will take place. Existing System is manual, every thing we have to do manually displaying items Selecting items Billing process Shipping Problems in present system Could not synchronize the Outward information to shopping order details. No track of the complaints and replaced goods after ordering Order status is updated manually using Order Confirmation. Very high levels of effort for preparing invoices and dispatch related documents and routing them to relevant departments or locations and high levels of clerical activity on account of applicability of different customers and products. Increased levels of expectation from customers with respect to prompt delivery of items. Inability to accurately judge changing patterns of fast and slow moving items on account of large volumes of data, and inability to track goods in transit. Difficulties in handling customer queries pertaining to consignments in-transit and partial dispatches. Important orders not discriminated from others since all orders since all orders were processed on a FIFO basis-hence need to be able to prioritize and process orders on a preferential basis (for high value orders or important customers), if required. Increase in frequency of goods returned on account of damage leading to high stock levels of damaged goods in the factory. Discrepancy between ordered and invoiced quantities on account of either partial availability of stocks or clerical oversights. Insufficient checks in the current system for ensuring customer credit limits are not exceeded. Sales data not analyzed properly to streamline production volumes. This is primarily on account of varying sales patterns across the year and high volumes of transaction. Customers could communicate to the Sales people but no information is kept in track for future references. Marchant or Management couldnt not have any information regarding latest sales reports unless requested and taken it for Spreadsheet applications. Marchant or Management requires the Quality information updates against the complaints and quality measures and metrics, which the current system couldnt provide such facilities. The end user of this product is a departmental store where the application is hosted on the web and administrator maintains database.This application which is deployed at the departmental store will automate the following process. the customer details are appended to the customer database. The details of the items are brought forward from the database for customers view based on the selection through the menu. Database of all the products are products are updated at the end of the each transaction. 1. MODULE Marchant Module Marchant will enter into the next form by entering username,password in this login page,after entering into next page marchant will add new products, categories, different different items what are all the items available in that store,and if he wants he will modify the things,he will delete things And maintains everything by date wise. Enhancing stores update stores delete from stores Software and Hardware Requirements The following software and hardware are recommended for the company. Hardware Requirements: Processor : Pentium Speed : 233 MHz Monitor : samtron HardDisk : 4.2 GB RAM : 128 MB Software Requirements: Operating : SystemWindows NT Language : JAVA (JSP, JDBC).JDK 1.4 Backend : ORACLE 2.0 SYSTEM SPECIFICATION 2.1 Introduction 2.4 Advantages of the Proposed System Inter-Department Communication using Intranet Mailing Services (emails)Tracking the mails received from the customers as complaints and using them for appraisal and audit purpose purposes. Customized and adhoc reports for the MIS for decision-making. Order indent-automation from the direct sales dept. Shop Inventory Database updates. Stock in shop information Communication with the customers regarding the orders and complaints and tracking them for the future purposes. Application Portfolio It is recommended that the organization takes up the following four functional areas for automation Marchant department customer department Stores department Billing, shipping Information System The reasons for selecting the above are that firstly they directly address the problems enumerated. Secondly, together they forma cohesive set of well-integrated application with one system acting as the feeder system for the other. System Architecture DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS: A data flow diagram is a logical model of a system. The model does not depend on hardware, software and data structures of the organization. There is no physical implication in a data flow diagram. Because the diagram is a graphic picture of the logical system, it tends to be easy for every non-technical user to understand and thus serves as an excellent communication tool. Finally a data flow diagram is a good starting point for system design. To construct a data flow diagram it uses four basic symbols. They are given below. Rectangle: The above symbol is used to define source or destination of data. Circle or Rounded Corners Rectangle: The above symbols are defined to represent a process that transforms or modifies the data. 3.21 INTRODUCTION UML is a notation that resulted from the unification Of Object Modeling Technique and Object Oriented Software Technology .UML has been designed for broad range of application. Hence, it provides constructs for a broad range of systems and activities. An Overview of UML in five notations 1. use case diagrams Use cases are used during requirements elicitation and analysis To represent the functionality of the system.Use cases focus on the behaviour of the system from the external point of view.The actor are Outside the boundary of the system,whereas the use cases are inside the boundary of the system. 2. class diagrams Class diagrams to describe the structure of the system. Classes Are abstraction that specify the common structure and behaviour of a set Of objects. Class diagrams describe the system in terms of objects, classes, attributes, operations and their associations. 3. Sequence diagrams Sequence diagrams are used to formalize the behaviour of the system and to visualize the communication among objects. They are useful for identifying additional objects that participate in the use cases. A Sequence diagram represents the interaction that take place among these objects. 4. Statechart diagrams State chart diagrams describe the behaviour of an individual object as a number of states and transitions between these states. A state represents a particular set of values for an object. The sequence diagram focuses on the messages exchanged between objects, the state chart diagrams focuses on the transition between states. 5.Activity diagrams An activity diagram describes a system in terms of activities. Activities are states that represents the execution of a set of operations. Activity diagrams are similar to flowchart diagram and data flow. Screens of online shopping 3. REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION PURPOSE The purpose of â€Å"Online Shopping† is to evaluate the performance of the various products, maintain stock details, product details, and customer details of â€Å"very big shops†. SCOPE This document is meant for the use of the organization and also will be the basis for clarifications. Alterations will not be made without the permission of the organization. PRODUCT FUNCTIONS OVERVIEW Online Shopping is mainly designed for the big shops to automate the maintenance of stock, maintaining customer details, manipulating product details and maintaining the payment details. It also promotes in monitoring the marketing strategy to be implemented depending on the performance of the various products. 3.1 Requirements In system analysis the developer interacts with the customer/client and works with him in order to find out what he specifically needs. Later he sees the past system, which is in use, and tries to find out what is lacking in that system. This examination of past system is not mandatory. That helps the developer to dig in the problem of the client or the customer. System Analysis is the study of gathering and interpreting facts, diagnosing problems, and using the recommended improvements to the system. Analysis specifies what the system should do whereas design states how to accomplish the objective. System Analysis is comprised of following things. Identify the customers need. Feasibility study. Analyzing the system technically and economically. Resource allocation. Cost Estimations and Work schedule preparation. Defining the system, which forms the base of the following activities. The success of a system depends largely on how accurately a problem is defined, thoroughly investigated and properly carried out through the choice of solution. User need identification and analysis are concerned with the user needs rather than what the customer wants. This step is intended to help the user and the analyst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms. This package has been developed in order to overcome the difficulties encountered while using the manual system. Faster and timely generation of reports is another motivating factor for the development of this package. The following requirements are identified. 3.1.1 Functional Requirements Customer Order Processing New order (Order no auto generated). View Products in category Status. Log User Complaints. Order Search and Processing Status. Internal Mail. Merchants Inventory Processing Category wise prod Details. Department Orders. Internal Mails. Management Information System Processing Adhoc Report. Internal Mails. Inter office Memos. 3.1.2 User Interfaces: A LOGIN form is presented with three fields to be entered. When the Login button is pressed, based on the empid, department values in the login form, database the respective form gets displayed. After that the user can perform the required activities. 3.2.2 Analysis Objects 1. Interface Objects: The interface object (also known as Boundary Object) is responsible for controlling access to the Enterprise Java Beans tier from any client. This includes other server-side components, such as Servlets and Jsp pages.An excellent example of interface object is the controller servlets for the web applications MVC architecture. 2. Control Objects: Control objects provide services to the application. They model functionality that is not naturally associated with a particular entity or interface. Often, this is because more than one entity needs to be operated on at one time; an example might be determining if there is sufficient inventory to manufacture a product. Other times, it may be because a relevant entity was not identified in the model; an example might be charging someones credit card. 3. Entity Objects: Entity objects model those business objects that should maintain their state after the use case completes. Typically, this means that they represent data from the database. Some examples are Customer, product, and an order. Entity objects should be represented by entity beans in the implementation model. The Entity Objects: Customer Invoice Order Stock Product 3.3 INPUTS The following inputs are collected for proposed system during the requirements specification from the Industries. 1. Goods Inward Note (GIN) The factory receives this document from the factory along with the finished goods. It consists of the details of items received .The warehouse in charge is supposed to physically verify the stock received against this document. Discrepancies are to be noted on the GIN and send back to the factory. It is use to enter details into the Goods inward register. It is also used to update stock book on weekly basis. 2. Goods received Confirmation On receiving the goods the customer is supposed to send a letter or telephonically in form the receipt of the consignment. Having got this information, the relevant invoice from the in transit file is to be removed and destroyed is fixed format for this document. 3. Goods Returned Note This is prepared based on the information send by the direct customer or dealer on goods that have been damaged in transit. It contains the details of the damaged goods. A copy of this is sent to the order-processing department, anther copy to the quality control department and third is field in the GRN file. The GRN details are entered into the damaged goods ledger. 4. Order Company receives order from their direct customer and detailers. The dealers fill in the details on Flowells order form itself. The orders from the direct customers are transcribed on the regular format. Orders can be sent by one warehouse to another. They are used for checking the availability of the stock. They are serialized and then filled. In is used to check the availability of the required stock in stock book and the goods inward register. The order could be serviced completely, partially or pending as the case may be. 3.5 Outputs The following outputs are collected for proposed system during the requirements specification from the Shops. 1. Invoice Once an order (either direct customer order or the dealer order) gets serviced partially or fully, an invoice for the same needs to be prepared. Most of the details are picked up from the order itself .An order may have multiple invoices. The discount for special customers is worked out. The rate is got form the product rate file. A copy of the invoice is sent to the direct customer, dealer, in-transit file, invoice file. The invoice details are entered into the issue register. Once supplementary gets service partially or fully nil valued supplementary invoice for the same needs to be prepared. Most of the details are picked up from the supplementary order itself. A copy of the supplementary invoice is sent to the direct customer, dealer, in-tansit file, and supplementary invoice file. The supplementary invoice details are entered into the issue register. 2. Dispatch Instructions The invoice department picks up dispatch instructions for the invoices that are prepared from the order form. This they send to the dispatch department. They prepare a packing slip. This is a regular report being prepared, consisting of order that are pending as of a particular date. The details for this report are taken from the pending orders. 3. Weekly Stock Status Report This is another weekly report prepared giving the details of the stock of each product. The details are obtained from the stock book. This report is prepared on adhoc basis. Whenever the actual stock is compared with book stock, and discrepancies found, they are entered product wise in this report. 4. DESIGN SPECIFICATION 4.1 DATA DESIGN Data objects A data object is a thing about which you want to store information. It has independent existence and can be uniquely identified. The following data objects are derived for the system. Customer Order Product Invoice category Relationships A relationship is a named association between agent and customer entity or more than entities we say that relationship exists between clerk and customer entity type. Similarly a relation between a clerk entity type and a manager entity type. The following relationships are identified for the system. For instance let us take the objects CUSTOMER, CATEGORY,PRODUCT, ORDER ,BILL the following relationships are identified. Customer â€Å"places† an Order. Order â€Å"contains† Product. Product â€Å"dispatched to† Customer. The relationships between the remaining entities are as follows : Customer â€Å"receives† Invoice. Invoice â€Å"has† Product. E-R Diagram E-R Diagram as a method to represent a Data model and was developed by Chen (1976). The main focus of a Data Model is to identify the required data and show it diagrammatically, which is called Entity Relationship Diagram. Its popularly is attributed to its simplicity. It has a top-down design approach to decide the minimum data that we would like to store for a given information system. 4.2 Screens ONLINE SHOPPING SCREENS TESTING It is a process of establishing confidence that a program or system does what it is proposed of. Testing is the only way to assure the quality of software and it is an umbrella activity rather than a separate phase. This is an activity to be performed in parallel with the software effort and one that consists of its own phases of analysis, design, implementation, execution and maintenance. 5.1 Testing strategy 5.1.1 Unit Testing: This testing method considers a module as single unit and checks the unit at interfaces and communicates with other modules rather than getting into details at statement level. Here the module will be treated as a black box, which will take some inputs and generate output. Outputs for a given set of input combination are pre-calculated and are generated by the module. 5.1.2 Integration testing: Here all the pre-tested individual modules will be assembled to create the larger system and tests are carried out at system level to make sure that all modules are working in synchronous with each other. This testing methodology helps in making sure that all modules which are running perfectly when checked individually and are also running cohesion with other modules. For this testing we create test cases to check all modules once and then generated test combinations of test paths through out the system to make sure that no path is making its way into chaos. 5.1.3 Validation testing: Testing is a major quality control measure employed during software development. Its basic function is to detect errors. Sub functions when combined may not produce than it is desired. Global data structures can represent the problems. Integrated testing is a systematic technique for constructing the program structure while conducting the tests. To uncover errors that are associated with interfacing the objective is to make test modules and built a program structure that has been detected by design. In a non-incremental integration all the modules are combined in advance and the program is tested as a whole. Here errors will appear in an endless loop function. In incremental testing the program is constructed and tested in small segments where the errors are isolated and corrected. Different incremental integration strategies are top-down integration, bottom-up integration, regression testing. 5.1.4 High-order testing (a.k.a. System Testing) Modules are integrated by moving downwards through the control hierarchy beginning with main program. The subordinate modules are incorporated into structure in either a Breadth First manner or in a Depth First manner. This process is done in five steps: Main control module is used as a test driver and steps are submitted are all modules directly to main program. Depending on the integration approach selected subordinate is replaced at a time with actual modules. Tests are conducted. On completion of each set of tests another stub is replaced with the real module. Regression testing may be conducted to ensure that new errors have not been introduced. This process continues from step 2 until entire program structure is reached. In top down integration strategy decision making occurs at upper levels in the hierarchy and is encountered first. If major control problems do exists early recognitions is essential. If Depth First integration is selected a complete function of the software may be implemented and demonstrated. Some problems occur when processing at low levels in hierarchy is required to adequately test upper level steps to replace low-level modules at the beginning of the top-down testing. So no data flows upwards in the program structure. BOTTOM-UP INTEGRATION TESTING Begins construction and testing with automatic modules. As modules are integrated from the bottom-up, processing requirement for modules subordinate to a given level is always available and need for stubs is eliminated. The following steps implement this strategy: Low-level modules are combined in to clusters that perform a specific software sub function. A driver is written to coordinate test case input and output. Cluster is tested. Drivers are removed and moving upward in program structure combines clusters. Integration moves upward, the need for separate test drovers lesions. If the top-levels of the program are integrated top-down, the number of drivers can be reduced substantially and integration of clusters is greatly simplified. REGRESSION TESTING Each time a new module is added as a part of integration as the software changes. Regression testing is an actually that helps to ensure changes that do not introduce unintended behavior as additional errors. Regression testing may be conducted manually by executing a subset of all test cases and results for subsequent playback tools enables the software engineer to capture the test case and results for subsequent playback and compression. The regression suit contains different classes of test cases. 6. CONFIGURATION 7. FEATURES USED 7.1 About J2EE (Javaâ„ ¢ 2 Platform Enterprise Edition, v1.3) Today, more and more developers want to write distributed transactional applications for the enterprise and leverage the speed, security, and reliability of server-side technology. If you are already working in this area, you know that in todays fast-moving and demanding world of e-commerce and information technology, enterprise applications have to be designed, built, and produced for less money, with greater speed, and with fewer resources than ever before. To reduce costs and fast-track enterprise application design and development, the Javaâ„ ¢2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EEâ„ ¢) technology provides a component-based approach to the design, development, assembly, and deployment of enterprise applications. The J2EE platform offers a multitiered distributed application model, the ability to reuse components, integrated Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based data interchange, a unified security model, and flexible transaction control. Not only can you deliver innovative customer solutions to market faster than ever, but your platform-independent J2EE component-based solutions are not tied to the products and application programming interfaces (APIs) of any one vendor. Vendors and customers enjoy the freedom to choose the products and components that best meet their business and technological requirements. Distributed Multitier Applications The J2EE platform uses a multitier distributed application model for both enterprise applications. Application logic is divided into components according to function, and the various application components that make up a J2EE application are installed on different machines depending on the tier in the multitier J2EE environment to which the application component belongs. The following Figure shows two multitier J2EE applications divided into the tiers described in the following list. The J2EE application parts shown in the Figure are presented in J2EE Components. Client-tier components run on the client machine. Web-tier components run on the J2EE server. Business-tier components run on the J2EE server. Enterprise information system (EIS)-tier software runs on the EIS server. Although a J2EE application can consist of the three or four tiers shown in Figure, J2EE multitiered applications are generally considered to be threetiered applications because they are distributed over three different locations: client machines, the J2EE server machine, and the database or legacy machines at the back end. Three-tiered applications that run in this way extend the standard two-tiered client and server model by placing a multithreaded application server between the client application and back-end storage. J2EE Architecture The required relationships of architectural elements of the J2EE platform are shown in Figure. Note that this figure shows the logical relationships of the elements; it is not meant to imply a physical partitioning of the elements into separate machines, processes, address spaces, or virtual machines.The Containers, denoted by the separate rectangles,are J2EE runtime environments that provide required services to the application components represented in the upper half of the rectangle. The services provided are denoted by the boxes in the lower half of the rectangle. For example, the Application Client Container provides Java Messaging Service (JMS) APIs to Application Clients, as well as the other services represented. All these services are explained below. The arrows represent required access to other parts of the J2EE platform. The Application Client Container provides Application Clients with direct access to the J2EE required Database through the Java API for connectivity with database systems, the JDBCTM API. Similar access to databases is provided to JSP pages and servlets by the Web Container, and to enterprise beans by the EJB Container. As indicated the APIs of the JavaTM 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SETM), are supported by J2SE runtime environments for each type of application component. J2EE Architecture Diagram J2EE Components J2EE applications are made up of components. A J2EE component is a self-contained functional software unit that is assembled into a J2EE application with its related classes and files and that communicates with other components. The J2EE specification defines the following J2EE components: Application clients and applets are components that run on the client. Java Servlet and JavaServer Pagesâ„ ¢ (JSPâ„ ¢) technology components are Web components that run on the server. Enterprise JavaBeansâ„ ¢ (EJBâ„ ¢) components (enterprise beans) are business Components that run on the server. J2EE components are written in the Java programming language and are compiled in the same way as any program in the language. The difference between J2EE components and â€Å"standard† Java classes is that J2EE components are assembled into a J2EE application, verified to be well formed and in compliance with the J2EE specification, and deployed to production, where they are run and managed by the J2EE server. J2EE Clients A J2EE client can be a Web client or an application client. Web Clients A Web client consists of two parts: dynamic Web pages containing various types of markup language (HTML, XML, and so on), which are generated by Web components running in the Web tier, and a Web browser, which renders the pages received from the server. A Web client is sometimes called a thin client. Thin clients usually do not do things like query databases, execute complex business rules, or connect to legacy applications. When you use a thin client, heavyweight operations like these are off-loaded to enterprise beans executing on the J2EE server where they can leverage the security, speed, services, and reliability of J2EE server-side technologies. Applets A Web page received from the Web tier can include an embedded applet. An applet is a small client application written in the Java programming language that executes in the Java virtual machine installed in the Web browser. However, client systems will likely need the Java Plug-in and possibly a security policy file in order for the applet to successfully execute in the Web browser. Web components are the preferred API for creating a Web client program because no plug-ins or security policy files are needed on the client systems. Also, Web components enable cleaner and more modular application design because they provide a way to separate applications programming from Web page design. Personnel involved in Web page design thus do not need to understand Java programming language syntax to do their jobs. Application Clients A J2EE application client runs on a client machine and provides a way for users to handle tasks that require a richer user interface than can be provided by a markup language. It typically has a graphical user interface (GUI) created from Swing or Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) APIs, but a command-line interface is certainly possible. Application clients directly access enterprise beans running in the